Output device

An output device is any piece of computer hardware that converts information into a human-perceptible sườn or, historically, into a physical machine-readable sườn for use with other non-computerized equipment. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or Clip. Examples include monitors, printers, speakers, headphones, projectors, GPS devices, optical mark readers, and braille readers.

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In an industrial setting, output devices also include "printers" for paper tape and punched cards, especially where the tape or cards are subsequently used to tát control industrial equipment, such as an industrial loom with electrical robotics which is not fully computerized.

Visual[edit]

A display device is the most common sườn of output device which presents output visually on computer screen. The output appears temporarily on the screen and can easily be altered or erased.

With all-in-one PCs, notebook computers, hand held PCs and other devices; the term display screen is used for the display device. The display devices are also used in trang chủ entertainment systems, mobile systems, cameras and Clip game systems.

Display devices sườn images by illuminating a desired configuration of pixels. Raster display devices are organized in the sườn of a 2-dimensional matrix with rows and columns. This is done many times within a second, typically 60, 75, 120 or 144Hz on consumer devices.

Interface[edit]

The interface between a computer's CPU and the display is a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). This processor is used to tát sườn images on a framebuffer. When the image is to tát be sent to tát the display, the GPU sends its image through a Clip display controller to tát generate a Clip signal, which is then sent to tát a display interface such as HDMI, VGA, DisplayPort, or DVI.^[1]

GPUs can be divided into discrete and integrated units, the former being an external unit and the latter of which is included within a CPU die.^[2] Discrete graphics cards are almost always connected to tát the host through the PCI Express bus, while older graphics cards may have used AGP or PCI. Some mobile computers tư vấn an external graphics thẻ through Thunderbolt (via PCIe).

Form factors[edit]

Monitor[edit]

A monitor is a standalone display commonly used with a desktop computer, or in conjunction to tát a máy vi tính as an external display. The monitor is connected to tát the host through the use of a display cable, such as HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, and more.

Older monitors use CRT technology, while modern monitors are typically flat panel displays using a plethora of technologies such as TFT-LCD, LED, OLED, and more.

Internal display[edit]

Almost all mobile devices incorporate an internal display. These internal displays are connected to tát the computer through an internal display interface such as LVDS or eDP. The chief advantage of these displays is their portability.

Terminal[edit]

Prior to tát the development of modern pixel-oriented displays, computer terminals were used, composed of a character-oriented display device known as a VDU and a computer keyboard.^[3]

These terminals were often monochromatic, and could only display text. Rudimentary graphics could be displayed through the use of ASCII art along with box-drawing characters. Teleprinters were the precursors to tát these devices.

Projector[edit]

A projector is a display that projects the computer image onto a surface through the use of a high power lamp. These displays are seen in use to tát show slideshow presentations or in movie screenings.^[4]

Technologies[edit]

Display technologies can be classified based on working principle, lighting (or lack thereof), px layout, and more.

Cathode ray tube (CRT): CRT screens produce an image using electron tube, which fires electrons at a phosphorous coated screen to tát light up pixels in order to tát display images.

Liquid crystal display (LCD): An LCD is a display technology employing the use of liquid crystals to tát sườn images.

Thin-film transistor (TFT): A TFT refers to tát the thin layer of transistors used with an LCD.

LED-backlit LCD: An LCD display which uses LEDs as a backlight. Prior to tát the use of LED based backlighting, Cold Cathode Fluorescent (CCFL) tubes were used.

LED displays use an array of LEDs to tát sườn an image.

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED): Unlike an LED display, an OLED display does not use a backlight.

Electronic paper (e-ink): An e-ink display uses encapsulated pigment to tát sườn an image resembling printed paper, commonly used in e-book readers.

Color output[edit]

Monochromatic display[edit]

A monochrome display is a type of CRT common in the early days of computing, from the 1960s through the 1980s, before color monitors became popular.^[5]

They are still widely used in applications such as computerized cash register systems. Green screen was the common name for a monochrome monitor using a green "P1" phosphor screen.

Colored display[edit]

Color monitors, sometimes called RGB monitors, accept three separate signals (red, green, and blue), unlike a monochromatic display which accepts one. Màu sắc monitors implement the RGB color model by using three different phosphors that appear red, green, and xanh rờn when activated. By placing the phosphors directly next to tát each other, and activating them with different intensities, color monitors can create an unlimited number of colors. In practice, however, the real number of colors that any monitor can display is controlled by the Clip adapter.^[6]

Auditory[edit]

A speaker is an output device that produces sound through an oscillating transducer called a driver. The equivalent input device is a microphone.

Speakers are plugged into a computer's sound thẻ via a myriad of interfaces, such as a phone connector for analog audio, or SPDIF for digital audio. While speakers can be connected through cables, wireless speakers are connected to tát the host device through radio technology such as Công nghệ Bluetooth.

Speakers are most often used in pairs, which allows the speaker system to tát produce positional audio. When more kêu ca one pair is used, it is referred to tát as surround sound.

Certain models of computers includes a built-in speaker, which may sacrifice audio quality in favor of size. For example, the built-in speaker of a điện thoại thông minh allows the users to tát listen to tát truyền thông without attaching an external speaker.

Interface[edit]

The interface between an auditory output device and a computer is the sound thẻ. Sound cards may be included on a computer's motherboard, installed as an expansion thẻ, or as a desktop unit.^[7]^[8]

The sound thẻ may offer either an analog or digital output. In the latter case, output is often transmitted using SPDIF as either an electrical signal or an optical interface known as TOSLINK. Digital outputs are then decoded by an AV receiver.

In the case of wireless audio, the computer merely transmits a radio signal, and responsibility of decoding and output is shifted to tát the speaker.

Form factors[edit]

Computer speakers[edit]

While speakers can be used for any purpose, there are computer speakers which are built for computer use. These speakers are designed to tát sit on a desk, and as such, cannot be as large as conventional speakers.^[9]

Computer speakers may be powered via USB, and are most often connected through a 3.5mm phone connector.

PC speaker[edit]

The PC speaker is a simple loudspeaker built into IBM PC compatible computers. Unlike a speaker used with a sound thẻ, the PC speaker is only meant to tát produce square waves to tát produce sounds such as beeping.

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Modern computers utilize a piezoelectric buzzer or a small speaker as the PC speaker.

PC speakers are used during Power-on self-test to tát identify errors during the computer's boot process, without needing a Clip output device to tát be present and functional.

Studio monitor[edit]

A Studio monitor is a speaker used in a studio environment. These speakers optimize for accuracy.^[10] A monitor produces a flat (linear) frequency response which does not emphasize or de-emphasize of particular frequencies.

Headphones[edit]

Headphones, earphones, and earpieces are a kind of speaker which is supported either on the user's head, or the user's ear.

Unlike a speaker, headphones are not meant to tát be audible to tát people nearby, which suits them for use in the public, office or other quiet environments.

Noise-cancelling headphones are built with ambient noise reduction capabilities which may employ active noise cancelling.

Technology[edit]

Loudspeakers are composed of several components within an enclosure, such as several drivers, active amplifiers, crossovers, and other electronics. Multiple drivers are used to tát reproduce the full frequency range of human hearing, with tweeters producing high pitches and woofers producing low pitches. Full-range speakers use only one driver to tát produce as much of a frequency response as possible.^[11]

While Hi-Fi speakers attempt to tát produce high quality sound, computer speakers may compromise on these aspects due to tát their limited size and to tát be inexpensive, and the latter often uses full-range speakers as a result.^[9]

Tactile[edit]

Braille display[edit]

Closeup of a refreshable braille display

Braille display in use

A refreshable braille display outputs braille characters through the use of pins raised out of holes on its surface. It is ordinarily used by visually-impaired individuals as an alternative to tát a screen reader.^[12]

Haptic technology[edit]

Haptic technology involves the use of vibration and other motion to tát induce a sense of touch.^[13] Haptic technology was introduced in the late 1990s for use in game controllers, to tát provide tactile feedback while a user is playing a Clip game. Haptic feedback has seen further uses in the automotive field, aircraft simulation systems, and brain-computer interfaces.^[14]^[15]

In mobile devices, Apple added haptic technology in various devices, marketed as Cảm biến 3 chiều and Force cảm ứng. In this sườn, several devices could sense the amount of force exerted on its touchscreen, while MacBooks could sense two levels of force on its touchpad, which will produce a haptic sensation.^[16]

Printing devices[edit]

Printer[edit]

A printer is a device that outputs data to tát be put on a physical item, usually a piece of paper. Printers operate by transferring ink onto this medium in the sườn of the image received from the host.

Early printers could only print text, but later developments allowed printing of graphics. Modern printers can receive data in multiple forms lượt thích vector graphics, as an image, a program written in a page mô tả tìm kiếm language, or a string of characters.

Multiple types of printers exist:

Inkjet printers: An inkjet printer injects tiny droplets onto the printing medium via a series of nozzles on a printing head.
Laser printers: A laser printer uses a laser to tát charge a drum of toner in order to tát mark points where the toner would stick onto the medium.
Thermal printers: A printer which heats up a thermally sensitive roll of paper to tát reveal ink. Most often seen in retail stores to tát print receipts.
Dot matrix printer: A printer which uses impact to tát transfer ink from a ribbon to tát the medium.

Plotter[edit]

A plotter is a type of printer used to tát print vector graphics. Instead of drawing pixels onto the printing medium, the plotter draws lines, which may be done with a writing implement such as a pencil or pen.^[17]

Teleprinter[edit]

A teleprinter or teletypewriter (TTY) is a type of printer meant for sending and receiving messages. Before displays were used to tát display data visually, early computers would only have a teleprinter for use to tát access the system console. As the operator would enter commands into its keyboard, the teleprinter would output the results onto a piece of paper. The teleprinter would ultimately be succeeded by a computer terminal, which had a display instead of a printer.

Headless operation[edit]

A rackmount console connected to tát a KVM switch allows multiple computers to tát be used through a switchable display and input devices

A computer can still function without an output device, as is commonly done with servers, where the primary interaction is typically over a data network. A number of protocols exist over serial ports or LAN cables to tát determine operational status, and to tát gain control over low-level configuration from a remote location without having a local display device. If the server is configured with a Clip output, it is often possible to tát connect a temporary display device for maintenance or administration purposes while the server continues to tát operate normally; sometimes several servers are multiplexed to tát a single display device though a KVM switch or equivalent.

Some methods to tát use remote systems are:

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Remote access: The computer's console can be accessed through a network connection such as the Internet, using protocols such as telnet or SSH.
Remote desktop: Allows a Graphical User Interface to tát be accessed through remote access even without a monitor.
KVM switch: Multiple computers are connected to tát a single display device which can be switched between computers.
Serial port: A serial console can be connected to tát access the device's console.